Generally people get to the truth of something by means of adult or scientific approach. Compare both of them approach in terms of their.
A. Non-Scientific Approach (characteristic).
o Common Sense: A set of concepts and conceptual schemes used for practical purposes; Concepts refers to abstraction of particular incidents. Example : Punishment vs. Reward in Education;
o A priori: knowledge obtained by common sense but it is influenced by personal interest
o Intuitive: the truth is based on intuition and unconscious process. Though it might be right but sometimes it is not support by empirical evidence.
o Authoritative: as the elders have fast life experience or academic background, their opinion are sometimes received unproved.
Scientific Approach
1. The knowledge obtained through research based on certain theory
2. The research is done systematically and controlled on the basis of empirical data.
3. The theory should be tested and falsified.
4. The result of the research should be consistent and reliable and generalizable.
5. It must be free of biases: creed, sex, and tribe.
6. The conclusion should be objective.
B. Types of Research
ü Historical, refers to history of something.
ü Descriptive, is aim of describe something
ü Developmental, how something is develop
ü Case study, or the study of individual
ü Correlation, study correlation with everything.
ü Causal-Comparative, about cause’s impact effect.
ü True experimental, experiment some factors
ü Action research.
1. Is a kind of approach which is implemented by spiral evaluation planning-action-observation-evaluation?
2. Is a kind of approach which is used to build the community which capable in self-critizing, commitment personality in self developing and to release it from the community/self obstacle of maintain authority?
3. Is a kind of approach which is used to develop educational information by modifying it and learn from that modifying.
4. Is a collaborative characteristic which involves all the people who have the responsibility for it.
5. Is a kind of approach which has participatory characteristic to develop the quality of its own realization work.
6. Is a kind of approach which has systematic educational process in constructing the critic inelegancy and teacher who has rich in education behaviour?
7. Is a kind of approach which has a “politic” process because it involves people in changing the process?
8. Enable for teacher in making a note about:
1. Activity/practise
2. The changing in practise observation
3. The changing in social relation.
4. The changing and the authority of teacher of PTK
9. Opened about the data.
10. To demand the self-Journal production in its processes and the action of development.
11. To participating people in practicing the theory, so that it becomes an inquisitive for the environment, action, and the response on how these three theories are related to each other
12. Giving justification of our action/.response as a teacher.
13. Begin from small things, small syclus and small group collaborator.
14. To demand teacher-researcher in experimenting the own practicing.
15. To demand people in doing the critics analysis about the class/school/system of that condition.
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